US Governor Campaign Example

US Governor Campaign Example Gubernatorial Campaign for Jane â€Å"Bitzi† Johnson Miller I. Introduction Jane Bitzi is a granddaughter of the previous Texas Governor called Joe Miller, also known as â€Å"Big Daddy† who was in office from 1954 to 1958. She is Caucasian with a Swiss ancestry. She is a conservative Republican and is running for Governor of Texas. Jane Miller was born and brought up on a ranch in West Texas. She was a former developer and the founder of a software company in Dallas in 1993. She sold her company, Comp Soft, for $2.5 million to Dell in 2010. Jane Miller attended The University of Texas at Dallas for only one year, but had to stop due to financial reason owing to her father’s bankruptcy. However, she managed to get a law degree from Yale following financial support from her husband. She is currently divorced from her husband Paul King with whom she had two children, Ian King and Robert King. Jane Miller worked as a Senator for the Anderson County in Texas for two terms since 2008. II. Cultural and Regional Support Political culture denotes what people feel and believe about the administration, and how they consider people ought to act towards it. A moralistic political culture is one in which society is regarded to be more significant than the individual. This group acknowledges the need of individuals to give value to the group. Government appears to be perceived as a positive force, emphasizing the commonwealth conception as the source of democratic government. In an individual political culture the administration is perceived have a practical orientation and is largely instituted for utilitarian reasons. It puts emphasis on limiting the government intervention on private activities and the government is largely restricted to the areas that encourage private initiative. In a traditional political culture, family and social and ties are prominent. The government is perceived to have a positive role in society, but this role is largely restricted to safeguarding the preservation of the prevailing social order. Daniel Elazar believes that Texas’ political culture is strongly individualistic with some traditionalistic elements in that administration is supposed to preserve a steady society, but arbitrate in the lives of Texans as little as possible. This will be Bitzi’s likely strength amongst the different political cultures because Texas’ politics are identified with social and economic conservatism, solid support of personal politics, and mistrust of political parties. The geographic regions where she will prosper and have the majority of support will be East Texas, North Texas and Central Texas because they are republican stronghold, particularly in the South Plains and the Panhandle. Despite being a resident of West Texas, she will do poorly in West and South Texas because they are democrat stronghold. Historically, The Republican Party has been politically weak in Southern Texas, especially the areas around and near the Mexican Border (Jeffers, 2010). III. Demographic Support Regarding the demographics of Texas according to the 2010 census, the state has approximately 45% white population, 38% Hispanic population, 11% Black population, and 6% of mostly Asian population. Texas is now becoming less white and more Hispanic (Stiles, 2010). The majority of Bitzi’s regional and cultural support will come from the white population. This will be mostly because she is white. She will get fewer votes from Hispanics and African Americans because the voting exercise in Texas is often divided along racial lines. Also, she will get fewer votes from the Black and Hispanic population because the Republican Party is stereotyped as a white party. However, she can attract more black votes by appealing to the African-American population by advocating for more access to education and jobs to benefit poor African Americans, an issue that has been traditionally Democratic. She can also attract more Hispanic vote: Hispanic voters support abortion rights in large numbers. The GOP has always made the mistake of assuming that individual conservatism corresponds to political conservatism. Hispanics, especially the working-poor and the working-class, tend to capitalize on the few state benefits compared to other races because of the cultural and language barriers. Bitzi can also appeal to Hispanic voters by stopping her move to repeal Obama Care because most Hispanics are poor and they want subsidized health care (McKinley, 2010). She will get more women votes because she is a woman. Fewer men will vote for her because she is a single mother and a feminist. She will gain more votes from higher income earners and middle class groups compared to lower income earners. This is because high-income earners and middle class citizens are known to vote for the Republicans because the party rejects tax cuts for the rich. The Republican Party is infamously recognized as a blue-collar party, but she can appeal and get more low income earners to vote for her if she promises to raise the minimum wage. She will get more conservative votes and votes from older people compared to young people. This is because the young population is more liberal and tends to support Democrats. She can attract more liberal votes by appealing to young people by advocating for an activist government that supports same-sex marriage and the legalization of marijuana (Hylton, 2010). IV. Campaign Themes The three issues that are central focus of her campaign are: Immigration, Healthcare and Education. Immigration Bitzi’s campaign wishes to keep the immigration subject from erupting because she needs to attract Hispanic voters without isolating the conservative whites. She has been successful so far because she has supports the 2001 Texas’ DREAM Act, which grants in-state college tuition fee to undocumented immigrants. However, she treads lights on the topic because she does not want to be closely tied to the strict anti-immigrant position of her party, which requests this law to be repealed. Regarding border security, Bitzi wants to appeal to conservative supporters with a $400 million border security strategy that could increase 600 state troopers at the border. Her campaign wants the immigration laws to be reformed: She stresses the need for more liberal immigration policies because she wants to woo many Hispanic voters. For example, she supports the issuance of driver’s licenses to undocumented immigrants. She addresses the issue as â€Å"heightening border security† and not â€Å"tightening immigration† (McKinley, 2010). Healthcare Bitzi wants Obama Care to be reformed because she believes that it has led to the increase of government regulation over one sixth of the economy, resulting the demand that citizens must purchase health insurance. She wants Obama Care to be restructured because it tremendously expands Medicaid, leaving the state to take up unmaintainable financial burdens. In addition, Bitzi is advocating for block grants and wants to solidify health care liability reforms to reduce the number of flippant lawsuits and increase the figure of practicing doctors in Texas. Regarding the treatment of the terminally ill, Bitzi opposes assisted suicide, euthanasia and any withholding of cure for any reason. She believes that medical care efforts must be concentrated on research to cure the terminally ill, in addition to pain relief of the patients for their lives to be more comfortable. Bitzi is advocating for a reformed Medicare that can give seniors citizens choice and flexibility. She wants older Americans to have access to favorable insurance plans and medical savings accounts. She also wants to ensure that incentives exist for the private sector to produce drugs. She wants to lessen the administrative complexities for an improved Medicare program that will deliver reimbursement at all levels and permit healthcare providers to continue caring for patients. Regarding abortion, Bitzi is strongly against federal financing of abortion, because she views the practice as a destruction of life, thus she do not believe that the administration should support. With regards to HIV/AIDS prevention and awareness, she supports prevention procedures that involve early and regular testing, abstinence, and behavioral changes that can eliminate the threat of exposure (Jeffers, 2010). Education Bitzi’s view on education involves a variety of central ideas. Firstly she believe in the streamlining of higher education that would leave the majority of students prepared for their preferred fields and less minimum wage occupations that are unrelated to their education. Bitzi believes that the expansion of technical institutions, community college programs, online universities, private training schools, life-long and work-based education in the private sector will create competition for higher learning and is a good way to make education more accessible and to motivate institutions to match the alternative expenses and level of job-preparedness. Bitzi also believes in limiting the central government in education by only having private loans and abolishing federal student loans. This is due to the uncontrollable rise in college tuition’s consequential debt that is rising above the inflation rate. She believes federal loans aggravate this problem due to their lack of transparency, and because they are more expensive compared to private loans. Bitzi considers that a bigger private sector involvement in loans could reduce tuition costs. However, she wants the federal government to function as an insurance sponsor for private sector loans. Bitzi also supports initiatives that will increase benefits to scholars who are undertaking difficult courses, create partnerships with major universities and colleges in an effort to expand math and science programs, and invite engineering, math, and science students to join lower-income schools. Young people voters are likely to respond to this move (Hylton, 2010). V. Win or Lose Bitzi will win because her stand on top Texans concerns [education, health care, and immigration] is favored by and appeals to most of the voters. Through her move to reform immigration laws to be less strict on undocumented citizens, Bitzi is hoping to appeal to the Hispanics, who constitute more than a third Texas’ qualified voters. Moreover, in spite of the demographic changes that continue to happen, Texas’ voting population of is still conservative and racial, indicating that if Bitzi could mobilize all Republicans and right-wing independents, she will win with a great margin. Bibliography Hylton, H. (2010, March 17). Has a Democrat Got a Chance of Becoming Governor of Texas? Retrieved Mrch 03, 2015, from The Time Magazine: http://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1972070,00.html Jeffers, G. (2010, September 24). Rick Perry, Bill White clash in separate interviews. Retrieved March 03, 2015, from Dallas News: http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/local-politics/20100923-Rick-Perry-Bill-White-clash-9177.ece McKinley, J. (2010, November 02). Perry Re-elected in Texas Governor Race. Retrieved March 03, 2015, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/03/us/politics/03texas.html Stiles, M. (2010, November 05). 2010 Texas Governors Race Maps. Retrieved March 03, 2015, from The Texas Tribune: http://www.texastribune.org/2010/11/05/2010-texas-governors-race-maps/

Communication Technology in the 21st Century Essay

In 21st century that we live in, communication can be done in many different ways other than conventional speaking right in front of each other. The reason for that is because of the existence of communication technology and the wide interest in this technology from people around the world. Communication technology is improving as we speak and more important sector is depending on it to gain benefits such as business and politics. Communication technology includes telephone, radio, television, internet, and social media. Communication Technology impact on public and private life Communication Technology has a profound impact on both public and private life. In public life communication technology serve more advantages than disadvantages. We can find friends through social media or online game sites, we can even find suitable partner through dating sites. The disadvantages are that people can provide false information and exploit the advantages of social media on people public life and cause misunderstanding, loss of properties or sometimes even lives. In private life, the disadvantages are more than the advantages. The advantages are that we can communicate and stay connected with our family or friends online, but it is also easy for hackers to access our personal profile online. Many cases have been reported that such incidents do frequently happen. For example, taken from a website;† Gang Used Social Media Sites to Identify Potential Victims† (Teen Prostitution 2012). Our private lives are easily exploited through the advancement of Communication Technologies too. Development of Communication and Information Technology Communication technology helps us in many ways. Communication Technology can broadcast information to a wide range of people around the world in a short period of time, this is very useful for advertisements, conveying important messages to wide range of audiences and updating citizens of current news. Communication nowadays can even be accessible from anywhere as long as the device can connect to the internet and there is internet coverage in that area. Part of the advancement of communication technology is credited to the invention of Smartphone in the market that makes it easier to access and connected to different types Communication Technologies. Social media has became the most popular and most effective aspect of communication technology, the reason being users around the world can communicate with each other anywhere and anytime they are on the internet. Social media became the most used communication technology in comparison to television, radio, and conventional telephone. Advertisement companies and even political figures around the world use social media network to convey their message. As shown in a video online, radio took 38 years to reach a market audience of 50 million, television took 13 years, internet took 4 years, Ipod took 3 years and social media giant-Face book took only 2 years. (Did You Know 3. 0 2012) This proves that communication technology is improving over the years and is an important way of broadcasting information. Communication Technology has been improving and developing since the first television was born, many ideas and suggestion of what the future will look like with the continuous development on communication technology. Avery interesting example of the advancement on communication technology is a device called Sixth Sense technology. â€Å"Sixth Sense is a wearable gestural interface device by Pranav Mistry, a PhD candidate in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab†. Sixth Sense 2010) This technology shows that technology can be more interactive with human and someday we will not have to wear or bring many different types of devices such as hand phone, watch, I Pad, IPod, but one device can provide information from all the devices we have now combined and so much more. Advantages and Disadvantages of Communication Technology As mentioned above, Communication Technology provides advantage and disadvantages to our society. The advantages of communication technology are none other than the reason communication technology are being invented for, to let people around the world to communicate freely to each other, but now communication technology can share even more things such as photos, videos, and even organize events with people we did not know before. But with the nature of communication technology to be free and open to everyone, some people tend to misuse communication technology for personal gain and interest by affecting other people. Besides addiction, the issue of communication technology these days are users around the world did not use the provided communication technology â€Å"smartly†. Users of communication technology should be aware and educated about the do’s and don’ts using communication technology such as social media. There have been cases where people post their social number or even bank account carelessly on their social media that attracts the idea of exploiting the advantages of communication technology. Some users that post all kinds of photos on their social media also provide ample of information to the public and easily can be targeted by culprits. Legislation concerning Communication Technology To protect the people of their country, governments around the world have made health, safety and communications legislations. In Ireland, Data Protection Act 1988 has been produced and was amendment by Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003. This act is to provide security when important personal information is given to an organization or individual to a person. The aim of these rights is to help you to make sure that the information stored about you is: factually correct; only available to those who should have it; only used for stated purposes. Data Protection Commissioner) Freedom of Information Act 1997 have also been produced in Ireland and amended by the Freedom of Information Act (Amendment) 2003. The Freedom of Information Act establishes the following statutory rights: A legal right for each person to access information held by public bodies and government departments. A legal right for each person to have official information relating to himself/herself amended where it is incomplete, incorrect or misleading A legal right to obtain reasons for decisions affecting himself/ herself. Freedom of information in Ireland) In summary, communication technology provides advantages and disadvantages and without a doubt have a huge impact on society and the future. Communication technology can be said to be the invention of the century because of the changes it make to the human race, it can be said to be the â€Å"line† that distinguish between the era of information technology in comparison to the last era. Communication technology provides an insight to our future and will continue to bring benefit to our society provided we keep in mind of how to use communication technology efficiently.

Alzheimer s Disease And Disease - 935 Words

Imagine living a wonderful life, yet once someone reaches their golden years, they cannot remember their past. That is the reality of living with Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is commonly found in the elderly. This explains why people assume older people have a bad memory. Alzheimer’s does not occur in a short period of time, it typically takes months to develop. It involves gradual memory loss due to two specific protein fragments that spread to different parts of the brain killing brain cells as they go. As mentioned in the article Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet (2015), Dr. Alois Alzheimer first discovered the disease by noticing something different in a woman’s brain after her death in 1906. Before her death, the woman was reported to have damaged thought processes, vocal trouble, and odd actions, so Dr. Alois decided to examine her brain where he discovered some unusual clusters of plaques and tangles (Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet, 2015). The plaques and tangles initiate in the brain where memories are first formed. Over the years these two protein fragments slowly sabotage the hippocampus making memories harder to remember and develop. People who do not have the disease usually take simple memories from a few days ago for granted. On the other hand, simple memories vanish with patients who have Alzheimer’s. Some of the main characteristics of Alzheimer’s are the plaques and tangles in the brain that not only kill brain cells, but are the reason for failure ofShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease resultsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pagesperson knows well, or asking questions continuously can be signs of a more serious problem. It is a disease of the brain that started slowly and gets worse as the time progresses. Alzheimer’s is a progressiv e destroying of brain tissue that primarily strikes people over the age of 65. Brain functions such as memory, comprehension, and speech deteriorate. The term first introduced by Dr. Alois Alzheimers in 1906. Memory is lost first. As days passes, attention tends to distracted, simple calculationsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that is seen in the elderly. It is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was aRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1172 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimerâ⠂¬â„¢s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in America. It kills more than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. Alzheimer’s accounts for 70-80% of dementia cases. By the age of 65, 1 in 9 people are diagnosed and by the age of 85, 1 in 3 people will have the disease. According to the Alzheimer Association, 5 million people in American have Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s starts to form 20 years prior to being diagnosed. Learning about Alzheimer’s can help familiesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : Disease1759 Words   |  8 Pages Alzheimer’s Disease Madison Lollar Psychology 1030-C62 Volstate Community College Word Count: 1,589 Alzheimer’s Disease: When it comes to Alzheimer’s, I know firsthand how it affects individuals and their families. My great grandfather had Alzheimer’s for many years before his passing late last year, at age 92. Alzheimer’s is a disease that many individuals suffer with each year, but yet with all the advancements in modern medicine we still have no cure for it. There are differentRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe disease stem cells could fix is called Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The reason I chose this topic is because I have seen first hand how badly someone who suffers from Alzheimer’s Disease is affected in their daily lives. This disease completely takes over their lives and they turn into a completely different person who can hardly function. AD is very tough on the loved ones of the person suffering from it because that person, most of the time has no idea what is going on or who their loved onesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pages10, 2015 Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a disease in the brain that affects a person’s memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia and is common in adults older than 65. More than five million Americans are being affected by Alzheimer’s at this moment. Alzheimer’s comes in three stages; early, middle, and advanced. The disease is caused by the shrinking of the brain due to many risk factors and genetics. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are often confused becauseRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease2364 Words   |  10 Pages1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is a prominent brain disease that effects a massive amount of individuals in the United States. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases, with no chance of being cured, prevented or decelerating over time (Alzheimer’s Association, 2014). AD is the most well-known form of dementia, causing complications in brain function in the areas of memory, thinking, and behavior (Alzheimer’sRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease2246 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Alzheimer’s Disease has been one of the top leading causes of death in our country. It is understood that this disease is identified as an excess of the protein amyloid-ß within an increase of plaque (Seneff, Wainwright, and Mascitelli, 2010). Additionally, as the brain ages, it gets used to the inflammation and oxidative stress, so it is important to take the right amount of antioxidant micronutrients like vitamin C and vitamin E as well as anti-inflammatory macronutrients such as

The Drilling Of Fshore Drilling Industry - 1509 Words

The offshore drilling industry can be split into 5 key markets: upgrade market, contract drilling market, second-hand market, scrap market and contract drilling market. Among them contract drilling market is most important, because it ensures smooth cash flow between markets. drilling units is summarised in the table below. The table above describes cash flow within offshore drilling markets. Contract drilling market leases drilling units to OG companies to drill or service wells, in turn they receive day rates. The day rate is the daily price to lease a rig and includes the use of the rig and its crew but does not include most of the other costs associated with drilling and completing a well (e.g., casing, drilling fluids, logistics, well evaluation, etc.). The drilling service industry is the largest and most closely followed of the five markets and drives the activities of investors in the other markets. The new build market uses shipyard labour and capital to convert steel and third party equipment into rigs. Drilling contractors enter into turnkey contracts with shipyards for the construction and delivery of one or more rigs, or yards may build on speculation. The new build market is primarily Asian with major shipyards in Singapore, South Korea, and China. The upgrade market is a ship repair market which both upgrades and maintains rigs. Upgrades improve and modernize rig technology and represent significant capital expenditures. In the second-hand market, rigs are

The Women s Rights Movement - 865 Words

Shawnna Cabanday Maya Angelou, the beloved author, poet, and activist once said, â€Å"a wise woman wishes to be no one’s enemy; a wise woman refuses to be anyone’s victim† (Angelou). As one of the greatest role models for women, Angelou expressed these words that reflect the actions of Jane Addams and Elizabeth Cady Stanton during the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States. Jane Addams and Elizabeth Cady Stanton lived at the turn of the century where women were discriminated on based on gender and their inexistent role in society. These women refused to be taken for granted and in doing so they fought vehemently for a cause that they believed in. These pioneers of feminism paved the road for reform, changing the very fabric of society with their arguments for women’s suffrage in a way that few men have attempted in American history. Jane Addams is, perhaps, best known for her role as one of the key leaders throughout the fight to obtain the legal right to vote for women, however, her reasoning behind the argument was unique among suffrage advocates. In her essay, â€Å"Why Women Should Vote†, she grounds her philosophy under the conventional traditions, duties, and individual responsibilities in the private sphere of women. This served as a tactic to campaign for reform and representation in a corrupt society that was primarily dominated by men in politics, economics, and social class. During the nineteenth century in the United States, a ‘true woman’ was–by definition ofShow MoreRelatedThe Women s Rights Movement702 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the women’s rights movement in the United States failed to accomplish its goals in the early –mid 19th century because the slavery issue was never resolved is unfounded. In the early-mid 19th century, women began to demand change in American society, as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically. - political, social, and economic change {Challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changed dramaticallyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement874 Words   |  4 Pages1848 to 1920, the women’s rights movement demonstrated the first true act of feminism, founded by a group of women rights activists to combat against women’s suffrage in the United States. By the 1960’s radical feminists also known as the woman’s liberation movement once again took up the fight for equality amongst men and woman, yet by the late 1990’s early 2000’s it had begun to change, losing its primary focus of fighting for a woman’s right, and becoming a burden on women today. The blowback fromRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmen and women, the women’s rights movement in Pakistan has just begun. People are starting to protest against discriminations that women face in their daily lives that disable them from having a voice in society. Some of these discriminations involve men being able to divorce their wives without her consent, women’s voices having half the weight of a man’s in court, and female heirs inheriting less money or property than a male heir (â€Å"Sharia†, 9). Groups like the Pakistani Women’s Rights OrganizationRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat occurs is that women were never given the opportunity to voice their opinion on what kind of job that they should do. In addition, voting at this point of time for women was quite impractical. The wartime was a difficult time for women who wanted to capitalize on an opportunity. They wanted a job to prove to men that they are much stronger. However, there was hope when the U.S. woman’s rights movement began. A woman by the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton started the movement at Seneca Falls, NewRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1366 Words   |  6 PagesW omen’s Rights Movement The equality women have today did not just happen over night.In this passage there will be evidence of an impowering fight that women over came to say WE ARE IMPORTANT TO!! All the brave strong women that fought this battle, along with the obstacles women still face today.Also the surprising fact that women’s rights also consists of racism and sexual orientation.This movement was necessary, and is truly an accomplishment in history. The first outbreak of confidentRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, women have constantly been suppressed. It was believed overall that women were not supposed to work, but to stay home, cook, clean, make clothes, and take care of the child(ren). Basically, a woman was considered her husband’s property. It was not until 1920s that women were finally able to get the rights they deserve, such as birth control, new divorce laws, and ultimately the right to vote, which was the main focus of the Women’s Rights Movement. This movement consisted of manyRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1420 Words   |  6 Pageswomen’s rights movement in the United States in the early –mid 19th century did not fail to accomplish its goals, as slavery was not an issue women wanted to resolve (address?) In the early-mid 19th century, some women began to demand change in American society (as they challenged the traditional roles of women politically, socially, and economically?) -political, social, and economic change {challenged the traditional views of women - pushed the boundaries – public sphere/life of women changedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1620 Words   |  7 Pageshas improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solely on her being female. In 1986, the legal definition of ‘sexualRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Women’s Rights Movement, 1848–1920 1. â€Å"The first gathering devoted to women’s rights in the United States was held July 19–20, 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York.† 2. Principal organizers : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (a mother of four, the Quaker, abolitionist ) 3. Social and institutional barriers that limited women’s rights: family responsibilities, a lack of educational and economic opportunities, and the absence of a voice in political debates. 4. Stanton and Anthony created the National Woman

Osteoporosis Free Essays

Abstract:As the world’s population lives longer, the significance of osteoporosis and fractures increases.Introduction:Osteoporosis is an age-associated disease, which is influenced by genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Age is a high hazard factor for osteoporosis. We will write a custom essay sample on Osteoporosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lack of vitamin D and insufficiency of calcium absorption are the most popular reason for the osteoporosis in the elderly. (Jakob et al, 2014)Jakob, F., Seefried, L., ; Schwab, M. (2014). Alter und Osteoporose. Der Internist, 55(7), 755-761.?Jakob F, e. (2018). [Age and osteoporosis. Effects of aging on osteoporosis, the diagnostics and therapy]. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24903137 [Accessed 16 May 2018].It is mostly a disease of old age people. The prevalence of osteoporosis increase significantly with age and it is an independent risk factor for the improvement of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. As indicated by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data the diffusion of osteoporosis based on reduce density of hip bone was estimated at 4% in women 50 to 59 years of age compared to 44% in women 80 years of age and older. The number of seniors in risk for osteoporosis will continue increasing with the aging of society. (Vondracek et al , 2009).Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.? I choose this topic because when I was in clinical area I saw many old patient they came to do x-ray and when I read the justification I saw they have osteoporosis. So I want to know how the x-ray help to diagnosis this disease. In this assignment I will talk about first the principles of the osteoporosis, the equipment components required for carrying out the osteoporosis examination and their functions. Also, I will discuss the role of radiographer and technical and radiation exposure considerations of it. Finally, I will talk about one clinical example for osteoporosis patient with clear images.Principle:Osteoporosis was described as a pathological in which there is non-attendance of bone tissue, however that tissue which remains is completely calcified. Osteoporosis creates when bone resorption happens too rapidly and substitution happens too gradually. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) The older senior is at high risk for osteoporosis. It is important for healthcare providers to be fully aware of the potential risks and benefits of diagnosing and treating osteoporosis in the older senior population. Data indicate that bone mineral density testing is under-utilized and drug therapy is often not initiated when indicated in this population. Bone mineral density testing with central dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is essential and cost-effective in this population. All elder people should be instructed on a bone-healthy lifestyle containing age-appropriate weight-bearing exercise and smoking cessation if necessary. The very important role in the risk for osteoporotic fractures, especially in the older senior is a falls play. The risk for vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency is high in the older senior and can contribute to falls and fractures. To treat this problem they should intake sufficient amount of calcium and vitamin D. (Vondracek et al,2009) Vondracek, S. F., ; Linnebur, S. A. (2009). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in the older senior. Clinical interventions in aging, 4, 121.?DEXA procedure detects the osteoporosis disease and this early diagnosis will improve the disease management practices and would help in impeding national productivity losses by mass screening and awareness. Also, it can help prevent osteoporosis. (Makhdoom, et al,2014) Makhdoom, A., Rahopoto, M., Siddiqui, K. A., ; Qureshi, G. A. (2014). Early Detection of Osteoporosis by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(6), 1265.? Equipment component and function:The technique used to measure the mineral bone density and the average concentration of mineral in a defined section of bone is the Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). It performed with a low radiation dose and accurate (exact measurement of BMD), precise and flexible (different regions can be scanned). A DEXA scanner consists of a low-dose x-ray tube with two energies for separating mineral and soft-tissue components and a high-resolution multidetector array. It has one of two different system a fan-beam device that emits alternating high (140 kVp) and low (70–100 kVp) x-rays and sweeps across a scan area or a constant x-ray beam with a rare-earth filter and energy-specific absorption, which separates photons of higher (70 keV) and lower (40 keV) energy.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011).Lorente-Ramos, R., Azpeitia-Armà ¡n, J., Muà ±oz-Hernà ¡ndez, A., Garcà ­a-Gà ³mez, J. M., Dà ­ez-Martà ­nez, P., ; Grande-Bà ¡rez, M. (2011), Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: a practical guide. American Journal of Roentgenology, 196(4), pp 897-904.Role of radiographer with osteoporosis patients:Understanding every step of the procedure is important for maximizing the usefulness of the imaging evaluation to patients and referring clinicians in this procedure the radiographer play a great role in preparing the patient and taking care of the patient before, during and after examination. Before the examination, the radiographer must be Check patient history, old x-ray, Select the optimum exposure factors, Prepare the room for examination and Prepare the patient for the examination. During examinationThe radiographer must be Explain the procedure to patient and relative ,Reassure and care for patient during examination, Position the patient, Place radiation protection and Constantly assess the patient’s condition and then Expose. After examination they should be Move the tube away from patient, lower x-ray table down and finally given instructions to patient.Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis:In old patients, central DEXA measurements of the lumbar spine and proximal femur are recommended. Two regions should be measured so that if one is unavailable, the forearm can be imaged. Appropriate patient positioning is essential for optimizing BMD measurement. The patients are placed in the supine position for poster anterior imaging of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and sitting next to the table for imaging of the forearm. Images are assessed for patient movement. The area of interest exceeding 1–2 cm and superior and inferior limits should be included to verify that the complete anatomic region is scanned. The bone axis should be straight and centered and the lesser trochanter should not be seen on images of the proximal femur. Equipment from various manufacturers generates automatic ROIs, which should be reviewed. Correct numbering of vertebral bodies is the main goal in DEXA of the lumbar spine. The indicators of correct positioning are as follows: the ribs appear at T12, the largest transverse processes are L3, the vertebral area values increase from L1 to L4, BMD increases from L1 to L3, and the BMD of L4 is similar to or slightly less than that of L3. Sometimes radiographs are necessary for correlation. Altered vertebrae (deformed or with lesions or artifacts in them) should be excluded from the analysis. If only one vertebral body is left, the region is not useful for diagnosis. In hip scanning, it is important to avoid undesired bone. The anatomic landmark selected for femoral neck ROI placement is the greater trochanteric notch.( Lorente-Ramos et al,2011) Case study:A 70 years old patient was admitted to Khawla hospital due to presence of lower back pain and restricted waist movement. A lumbar x-ray was done to the patient and showed sever narrowing of the disc space between L3 and L4 with no fractures over the lumbar bodies. For further investigation, a bone densitometry test was done that showed the presence of severe presence of osteoporosis with increased risk of fracture. Thus, discectomy was done for the herniated portion of the disk between L3 and L4 that compresses the nerves and causes the pain and instrumented fusion of L3 and L4 was also done to stabilize and strengtnus the spine after the intervertebral joint space reduction that occurred between L3 and L4. Finally, the patient was prescribed with vitamin D and calcium tablets to compensate the calcium and vitamin D reduction due to the osteoporosis.(khawla hospital,2018) .(khawla hospital,2018) Conclusion: Over all, Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of the skeleton that is characterized by a reduction in bone mass. Although the condition affects a higher percentage of old people. The importance of osteoporosis lies in the fact that osteoporotic bones are more fragile and susceptible to fracture than normal bones. DEXA is a quick, accurate, low-cost imaging method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. It comprises adequate performance (symmetry, morphology, positioning), ROI placement, detection of artifacts, pathologic evaluation (incidental findings and those affecting analysis), and evaluation of bone mineral density. How to cite Osteoporosis, Papers

Know About Economics For Business Industry

Questions: Give 2 examples of technological changes that have occurred in your industry within the last 20 years, and briefly describe how that change has benefited firms in the industry. Describe the method of production in your industry for a typical firm. That is, is the method of production highly capital intensive? Is it labour intensive? Does a typical firm operate on a large scale? Cafes a typical caf is a typical firm Name three fixed costs and three variable costs in your industry. How can firms in your industry increase production in the short run? Draw a diagram (not copy paste; you need to draw and label it) showing AVC, ATC and MC for the short run for firms in your industry. No need to include AFC. Explain the shapes of these curves - what economic principle is behind their shapes? Explain where the MC cuts the AVC and ATC curves. (use your own words to demonstrate your understanding of these principles) If firms in your industry thought that demand was going to increase in the future by a significant amount say, by 50% or more they would need to change the scale of their operation. Briefly explain which of the resource inputs to their production process would probably take the longest to change, to be able to increase production by such a large amount? (please name a specific input, not the category of input type). Therefore, explain how long you think the short run would be likely to be for your industry? Are economies of scale important to the firms in your industry? Explain why, or why not. Give two examples of economies of scale in your industry. Cafes and coffee shops Are diseconomies of scale possible in your industry? Explain. Give an example of a diseconomy of scale for a firm in your industry. Draw a long run cost curve for firms in your industry and explain its shape. Students should draw their own graph (NOT copy paste) no need for numbers this is a conceptual question Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define a perfectly competitive market structure. Is your industry a perfectly competitive industry? How does each firm in a perfectly competitive industry decide the price they will charge, and the quantity they will sell? Is it possible for firms in a perfectly competitive industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the short run? Explain, using a diagram. Is it possible for a firm in a perfectly competitive industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run? Explain, using a diagram.Discuss the efficiency of the grain industry. What do the results you have discussed in the questions above suggest to you about these issues for the grain industry-: How desirable the grain growing industry is for new firms to enter the industry, opening up new areas as grain growing farms A firm spending significant sums to advertise their product (eg television advertising campaign; widespread national promotion A firm spending a small amount to advertise their product (eg local newspaper advert; small scale promotion of their product) Whether the firm would have the funds to be able to spend significant sums of money on research development, in order to develop better (cheaper) production processes. Whether a grain farm would have the funds to be able to spend significant money on research development, in order to develop better (more desired) versions of the product for their customer. Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define a monopoly market structure. Is your industry a monopoly industry? How does each firm in a monopoly industry decide the price they will charge, and the quantity they will sell? Consider the cases of a private monopoly and a regulated monopoly. Is it possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the short run? Explain, using a diagram. Consider the cases of a private monopoly and a regulated monopoly. Is it possible for a firm in a monopoly industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run? Explain, using a diagram. Consider the cases of a private monopoly and a regulated monopoly. How does the economic efficiency of the water supply industry compare to the economic efficiency of a perfectly competitive industry? (please discuss in terms of productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency) What do the results you have discussed in the questions above suggest to you about these issues for the water supply industry-: Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define a monopolistic competition market structure. Which of the four industries included in the assignment is a monopolistic competition industry? How does each firm in a monopolistic competition industry decide the price they will charge, and the quantity they will sell? Is it possible for a firm in a monopolistic competition industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the short run? Explain, using a diagram. Is it possible for a firm in a monopolistic competition industry to make an economic profit or an economic loss in the long run? Explain, using a diagram. How does the economic efficiency of the caf and coffee shop industry compare to the economic efficiency of a perfectly competitive industry? (please discuss in terms of productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency) What do the results you have discussed in the questions above suggest to you about these issues for the caf and coffee shops industry-: Explain how your industry compares against each of the important conditions that define an oligopoly market structure. Which of the four industries included in the assignment is an oligopoly industry? Answers: Introduction 1.The technological change in the industry of Cafes and Coffee shops has been witnessed to be moderate and also it has aimed at the efficient parts. This shows how the industry has reached its level of maturity. The first example of technological change is witnessed in the marketing and promotion sector, where the strong online presence of the operators is clearly evident. Use of online review sites such as Zomato has helped the consumers to choose what suits their requirement best. Secondly, the change is found in supply chain, where online order of fresh produce and other goods has helped them to minimize waste (Blanchard, 2011). 2.The industry of cafes and coffee shops are highly labor intensive. All the processes involved here are in huge requirement of labor. Most of the processes of these cafes and coffee houses are coffee making, food preparation, cleaning and customer services. The share of wages is the second highest in industry revenue. The capital intensity in this type of industry is based on the scale of business. Normally, the typical firm operates in a small scale, but if there are cafes which work in economies of scale they are highly capital intensive too (Blanchard, 2011). Like that own number of coffee machines and other specialized equipments. 3.The fixed costs majorly involved in these types of industries are rent, franchisee costs and maintenance costs. The operations require premises, which are normally leased in these types of industries, so rent has o be incurred. Also, most of the units work taking a franchisee of a large scale unit. This industry require few machines, which are used to process food and drinks, so there has to be continuous maintenance of these. The variable cost includes the expense of purchases, wages and other utilities which are basically dependent on the consumption of services (IBIS, 2016). More the customer base more is the expense incurred. 4.In this type of industry popularity is the main tool which drives customers. In order to increase production in the long run the units need to focus their popularity among the consumers. In the last five years the profit ratio has considerably decreased due to increase in competition and increase in rent costs. So in order to maintain the production level and profit margins these units need to provide the customers with more food options (Krugman Robin, 2012). This will not only increase the profit margins but will also provide them with an image, and help increase production in the long run. 5. AVC: We see that the AVC and ATC curve tend to have a u-shape, as shown in the figure above. It means that they fall in the beginning and then they rise as the level of output increase. ATC is obviously higher as it includes FC also. MC also tends to have a U-Shape. However the bottom of the MC curve occurs earlier, so, the upward sloping part of MC is more important. The figure above shows a typical MC curve along with ATC and AVC curves. MC curve cuts both the curves at their lowest points (Collinge, 2003). 6. If a situation arises where the demand is expected to increase by 50% then, the scale of operations would also be required to change. The main resource input which will take the longest to change would be installation to new equipments which will help the firm to increase the production. A fixed run period is the one where the firm can bring changes in the fixed costs. Normally, a period of 12 months is an average for any firm in this type of industry to bring about the changes in the equipments (IBIS, 2016). 7.The scale of production is not very large. Economies of scale are both important and also not important in this type of industry. They are important as they help the firm to reduce cost and help the firm make a brand image. This is possible only if they are involved in large scale production. But if they are involved in small scale production then they would not require economies of scale (Levi, 2014). The examples of economies of scale are Starbucks, barista, cafe coffee day, etc 8. Diseconomies of scale refer to the situation where the forces cause the larger firms to produce goods and services at the increased cost per unit. That is, if the firm starts economies of scale, instead of reducing the cost, they notice that the cost per unit increases (Levi, 2014). It is possible to have diseconomies of scale in this type of industry. The most famous example for diseconomies of scale in the industry of cafes and coffee shops is Starbucks, where they decided to close up to 600 shops in US, due to rise in costs of operations. 9. The long run cost curve tends to be U-Shaped. That is the cost in long run first declines as output increases and beyond a certain point it increases. The shape of a LAC curve depends on return on scales. The return on scale increases with the increase in output and after a while when the return of scale decreases the curve tend to move upwards, showing increase in costs (Petri, 2008). It is so because the output increases first with economies of scale and later when the resources are utilized the output starts to fall, resulting in increase in cost per unit. A normal LAC curve would look like: 10. A perfectly competitive market is the market where there exists numerous numbers of buyers and sellers, and all the people are well informed about the prices and goods and also the firms have relatively small market share. The most common example of perfect competition is agriculture. Perfect competition is also referred to as pure competition sometimes. The market price of the goods is beyond the control of the buyers and sellers. The coffee shop industry is almost a perfect competitive market because there are many competitors, many consumers and also it involves low costs of entry and exit. 11. It is one of the characteristics of perfect competitive markets that all the buyers and sellers are well informed about the price of the goods and services. The price of a commodity in a perfect competitive market is determined by the demand and supply forces. All the firms aim at profit maximization. The rule for profit maximization in a perfect completion market is that it produces the quantity where marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost of the last unit which is to be produced and sold. If it moves from the rule then the rate of earning profit will fall. 12.In the short run a firm in the perfect competition can maximize the profits because marginal revenue will be equal to the marginal cost. MR is termed as the slope of the revenue curve that is even equal to the demand curve and price. Therefore, in the short-run the economic profit can be positive, zero or negative. When price is higher than the average total cost then the form makes a profit. However, if the price is less than the average cost then there is a los in the market. Yes, it is possible for a firm in perfect competition to have both profits and loss in the short run. If in a perfect competitive market the price of the product is more than the average total cost, then the producer will have positive economic benefits, and where the average total costs exceeds the revenue, the producer will have losses. In order to maximize profits in a perfect competitive market, marginal revenue should equal marginal costs. The marginal cost curve of a perfect competitive market is a su pply curve as price equals marginal costs. The diagrams for loss and profits shall be like: 13. In the case of perfect competitive market a firm can have profit or losses only in the short run. However, in the long run the profit and losses are eliminated because of the presence of innumerable firms producing products that are divisible and homogeneous. There are no barriers when it comes to the entry of the firms and all the consumers have the information about it. Therefore, all chances of long-run profit are washed away. 14. With 52.2 % of the Products and services segmentation being Wheat based products in Australia, the means of efficiency could be the matter of improvisation, though the primary crop of Australia has sustained means of infrastructure to handle the crop-related parameters. The increased demand for wheat in the period of 2010-2011 saw a steep fall in the production of Wheat. However, the later years saw farmers yielding profits with increased production of Wheat. The state of cultivation of Wheat hence has to be considered on the foremost and effective practice as compared to lesser crops in demand throughout Australia. Hence, the report affirms that the increased demand and farming infrastructure is one of the futile resources in Australia. 15. With the highlight on the various records apprehended from the Wheat Industry, there is promising scope for new entrants and openings. The factor of the high demand wheat crop has sustained the demand for more than a decade that stabilizes the market share of the crop. However, the success factors of the New Entrants are more divided than the Market share of the Wheat Crop across Australia. These are attributed to various other factors such as market positioning, marketing activities, and many of the larger contexts of Business development. Since the nature of the crop being the rawest of the kind, there are indeed limitations on the aspects of advertising and marketing (IBIS, 2016). But, the scope of innovative approach and other special efforts could yield a better prospect for the new entrants in the Grain Industry. Since, the Grain Industry is one amongst the most established business in Australia; there are more scope of refined research and development. 16.In case of a monopoly market, there is a single seller having the dominance over products. Therefore, it is upon the seller to create a specific situation that will enable to have a grasp over the market. The seller is single and the consumers are bound to take the product from him thereby enhancing the position of the seller. A single seller can influence the market. No, it is not a monopoly industry because various players are present in the coffee production. 17. Monopoly means single seller and having a command over the inputs. Therefore, the seller can take enormous benefit of the market structure by fixing the prices. As there is availability of a single seller therefore traits like dominance over price, creation of scarcity that is artificial is seen in this form. Hence, the market leader is only one and price is fixed by the seller in the market. A regulated monopoly is one that is regulated by the government that helps to safeguard the interest of the consumers. For example, monopolies have the power of market to ascertain the prices in competitive market. The regulation is done through price capping, competition through yardstick and limiting the growth of monopoly power. Private monopoly is one where the market power is utilized to derive the maximum gain from the consumers. It will cater to the requirement of the customer at a specified price. The production costs are kept lower and the mix of products are seen to cater to the customers needs. This means it can charge profits and maximize the revenue and gains. 18. It is generally believed that monopolist always earn profits .In the short-run, if the demand is not sufficient monopolist can make losses. At times of recession or depression or any kind of crises demand for goods decreases and monopolist has to suffer losses .But if the losses continued for a long time then the monopolist will shut down his present business in the long run .But in the short run he will continue in his present business so long as his price is greater than the average variable cost. When losses exceed total fixed costs and the monopolist will not be able to cover his variable cost fully, the monopolist would stop production in the short-run (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). 19.It is generally believed that monopolist always earn profit and when it comes to the long run it is expected that the firm will have profit in the long run otherwise the production will be stopped. An individual form has a control over the market and hence, likes to capture the market. This ensures that the monopoly business is targeted for making profits in the long run otherwise it is difficult to carry on the business. 20.As reported, the Agricultural industry is one amongst the key markets for Australian Water Supply and hence the relevance of the economic efficiency is directly related to the Agricultural aspects. Sine Agriculture is significantly related to the Agricultural sector, the influence of Water availability has a direct implication on the prospects of Agriculture. Hence, the irreconcilable efforts cannot be derived from the two distinct industrial domains that satisfy the condition of sustaining dynamic efficiency (Colander, 2008). Since the Water Supply industry is heavily dependent on the irrigational aspects of Agriculture, any lack of lower demand would directly influence the growth of the Water Supply industry that depicts the stake of Productive and Allocative efficiency by increasing the prospects in other industries . 21.Water Supply Industry forms the backbone of Australian Infrastructure that spreads into the Agricultural and Industrial sectors. Hence, the prospects of continued profits and new venture are indispensable attributes as noticed through the state of economics in Australia. However, the lack of rain and seasonal disturbance opens up the need for more efficient and calculated areas that could be penetrated by new entrants. However, since the Water Supply Industry in Australia is significantly centralized, there could be lesser chance of instant success and growth, though the external drives such as Human Population and Climatic condition are expected to increase the range in Water supply Industry that rounds up at 28.0% of Profit. 22. A monopolistic competition market structure is the one where there are number of buyers and sellers, selling similar but not identical goods, so the firms here compete on other factors excluding price. In a monopolistic market the sellers have a little power to influence their price, which they do so according to demand. There is sometimes collusion to fix prices (Snowdon Wane, 2005). The industry of cafes and coffee shops possess all the characteristics mentioned above. Big coffee houses like Starbucks is the most common example of monopolistic competition in this type of industry. 23. In the case of monopolistic competition there are large number of sellers and sell products that are differentiated. It has some features of monopoly and perfect competition. Each firm occupies a smaller chunk of the market and any action by one rival leads to an action by another. Therefore, no single firm is in a position to influence the market. The buyers are large and all firms are price takers and not price makers. This enables to have a price that is uniform in nature. Therefore, the price is decided as per the product and the market scenario. 24. When it comes to the short-run, a firm in monopolistic competition can maximize profit or minimize the losses by production of the quantity that is related to when marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. When the average cost is less than the market price then the firm in the short run earns an economic profit (Gartner, 2006). Moreover, if the average cost is higher than the market price then the firm will have losses. 25. In the long run, the industry will have an economic profit and other firms will enter the industry with a lure of profit and ultimately lessen the profits for other firm. When more firm will enter there will be a decline in the profit and hence normal profit will be enjoyed by the industry. On having innumerable firms, there will be a loss more specifically the inefficient ones and will eliminate them form the overall industry and hence, normal profit will be shared by others (Romer, 2008). 26. Only the long run of a perfect competition exhibit optimal levels of economic efficiency. In the short run the in perfect competition it is not a good market to spend on research and development. But in the long run they create an environment for the research and innovation to flourish. In the cafe and coffee industry, not too much of research and innovation is required, and hence in short run they will not be much economic efficient (Varian, 2009). But in the long run the cafe and coffee shop industry possess the same economic efficiencies as that of a perfect competition market. 27. caf and coffee shops industry-: It would be a challenge for a new firm to create a position in the existing market, but making good promotion of the cafe may help to attract new customers. Promotion is the key which helps the cafes and coffee shops to create an image. A little promotion will provide only short term benefits and not for a long term Only the cafes and coffee shops which follow the economies of scale will be able to spend large sums on research. Small scale coffee houses are not too fund efficient to develop more desired versions of the product. But the large brands can spend significant amounts on the same. 28. Oligopoly market is the market where there are few firms selling a product so that there is intense competition among them. They sell either differentiated or homogenous products. In this type of competition the firms are interdependent on each other. Under this type of competition they avoid price war and choose other factors such as product differentiation in order to create more market (Junankar, 2013). The oligopoly market exists only among the large scale cafes and coffee houses. The small cafes and coffee houses mostly resemble perfect competitive markets, since they are more driven by supply and demand forces (Varian, 2009). References Ayers, R. M Collinge, R. A 2003, Microeconomics. Pearson. Blanchard, O 2011, Macroeconomics, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Colander, D 2008, Microeconomics, McGraw-Hill Paperback. Dawson, G 2006, Economics and Economic Change, Prentice Hall. Dwivedi, D.N 2001, Macroeconomics: theory and policy, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Gartner, M 2006, Macroeconomics, Pearson Education Limited IBIS 2016, Pick-me-up: Industry revenue grows despite increased competition, IBIS industry report H4511B. IBIS 2016, Return of the kid: El Nino conditions will likely reduce rainfall, lowering industry yields, IBISWorld Industry Report A014. Junankar, P 2013, Australia: The Miracle Economy. IZA Discussion Papers 7505, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Krugman, P Robin W 2012, Microeconomics: Second Edition in Modules, Worth Publishers page Levi, M 2014, The Macroeconomic Environment of Business (Core Concepts and Curious Connections), New Jersey, USA: World Scientific Publishing Mankiw, N.G.; Taylor, M.P 2011, Economics, Andover: Cengage Learning Petri, F 2004, General Equilibrium, Capital and Macroeconomics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Romer, C D 2008, Business Cycles, Oxford University Press Snowdon, B Vane, H. R 2005, Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development And Current State, Edward Elgar Publishing Varian, H. R 2009, Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach, W. W. Norton Company.